You will be provided with a reference and some statements. Please determine whether each statement is 'supported', 'unsupported', or 'unknown' with respect to the reference. Please note:
First, assess whether the reference contains any valid content. If the reference contains no valid information, such as a 'page not found' message, then all statements should be considered 'unknown'.
If the reference is valid, for a given statement: if the facts or data it contains can be found entirely or partially within the reference, it is considered 'supported' (data accepts rounding); if all facts and data in the statement cannot be found in the reference, it is considered 'unsupported'.

You should return the result in a JSON list format, where each item in the list contains the statement's index and the judgment result, for example:
[
    {
        "idx": 1,
        "result": "supported"
    },
    {
        "idx": 2,
        "result": "unsupported"
    }
]

Below are the reference and statements:
<reference>
1. Front Sports Act Living. 2026 Mar 25;8:1772502. doi:
10.3389/fspor.2026.1772502.  eCollection 2026.

Digital feedback via free ChatGPT within the reciprocal teaching style: 
improving fundamental handball skills and students' attitudes among university 
beginners.

Rakha AH(1).

Author information:
(1)Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology, College of Education, 
Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: Digital technologies and artificial intelligence offer new 
opportunities to enhance teaching and learning processes in physical education. 
However, empirical evidence on the pedagogical use of ChatGPT-based feedback in 
skill-based sport instruction remains limited. This study examined the 
effectiveness of integrating ChatGPT-based digital feedback within the 
Reciprocal Teaching Style (RTS) to improve fundamental handball skills and 
students' attitudes in higher education.
METHODS: A randomized pre-test-post-test control group design was used. 
Fifty-six undergraduate students enrolled in a third-level university handball 
course, with no prior formal handball training, were randomly allocated to 
either an experimental group receiving ChatGPT-based digital feedback embedded 
within Reciprocal Teaching Style or a control group using reciprocal teaching 
with peer feedback only. Both groups completed a structured 15-session 
instructional program over one academic semester. ChatGPT was used to generate 
structured corrective feedback based on predefined performance criteria, with 
mandatory manual analysis and human supervision to verify feedback accuracy. 
Data were collected using standardized physical fitness tests, expert-validated 
performance checklists assessing seven fundamental handball skills, and a 
students' attitudes scale. Analysis of covariance was conducted while 
controlling for pre-test scores.
RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in favor of the 
experimental group across all assessed handball skills (p < .001), with medium 
to very large effect sizes (partial η 2 = .33-.87). All results remained 
significant after Bonferroni adjustment, and post-hoc power analysis indicated 
high statistical power (≥.95). Students receiving ChatGPT-based feedback 
demonstrated higher mean scores across cognitive, affective, and behavioral 
attitude dimensions, including motivation, enjoyment, perceived usefulness, and 
intention to continue using AI-supported feedback.
CONCLUSION: Integrating ChatGPT-based digital feedback within reciprocal 
teaching enhances technical skill acquisition and supports favorable 
learning-related attitudes in university physical education. This approach 
provides a practical pedagogical model for improving feedback quality and 
instructional efficiency in skill-based sport courses, particularly in 
large-class settings, when supported by structured procedures and human 
oversight.

© 2026 Rakha.

DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1772502
PMCID: PMC13058805
PMID: 41958820

Conflict of interest statement: The author(s) declared that this work was 
conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could 
be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
</reference>

<statements>
1. University handball — RCT with GPT-4o corrective feedback (Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2026; 10.3389/fspor.2026.1772502): "Fifty-six undergraduate students…randomly allocated to either an experimental group receiving ChatGPT-based digital feedback embedded within Reciprocal Teaching Style or a control group using reciprocal teaching with peer feedback only," across a "structured 15-session instructional program" using "GPT-4o (OpenAI, May 2024 release)"; results significantly favored the experimental group across all assessed skills (p < .001) with partial η² = .33–.87 (medium to very large).
</statements>

Begin the assessment now. Output only the JSON list, without any conversational text or explanations.