You will be provided with a reference and some statements. Please determine whether each statement is 'supported', 'unsupported', or 'unknown' with respect to the reference. Please note:
First, assess whether the reference contains any valid content. If the reference contains no valid information, such as a 'page not found' message, then all statements should be considered 'unknown'.
If the reference is valid, for a given statement: if the facts or data it contains can be found entirely or partially within the reference, it is considered 'supported' (data accepts rounding); if all facts and data in the statement cannot be found in the reference, it is considered 'unsupported'.

You should return the result in a JSON list format, where each item in the list contains the statement's index and the judgment result, for example:
[
    {
        "idx": 1,
        "result": "supported"
    },
    {
        "idx": 2,
        "result": "unsupported"
    }
]

Below are the reference and statements:
<reference>
A Real-Time Visual Feedback System for Improving Basketball Shooting Form

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International Journal of Activity and Behavior Computing

Online ISSN : 2759-2871

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International Journal of Activ ...

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Volume 2025 (2025) Issue 1
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Article overview

A Real-Time Visual Feedback System for Improving Basketball Shooting Form

Shunsuke Miyazawa

,
Shoko Kimura
,
Guillaume Lopez

Author information

Shunsuke Miyazawa

Corresponding author

Aoyama Gakuin University
https://ror.org/002rw7y37

Shoko Kimura

Aoyama Gakuin University
https://ror.org/002rw7y37

Guillaume Lopez

Aoyama Gakuin University
https://ror.org/002rw7y37

Corresponding author

JOURNAL

OPEN ACCESS

2025
Volume 2025
Issue 1
Pages 1-17

DOI

https://doi.org/10.60401/ijabc.43

Details

Published: June 05, 2025

Received: -

Available on J-STAGE: June 05, 2025

Accepted: -

Advance online publication: -

Revised: -

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Article overview

Abstract

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Abstract

By analyzing sports movements, performance and skill evaluation can be performed, which can assist players in improving their skills. In basketball shooting, joint movement is essential, particularly on the elbow, shoulder, and wrist. Most previous studies have relied on camera-based systems, which can be costly and environmentally dependent. Wearable device-based systems are also limited in evaluation metrics, often lacking sufficient data for technical support. This study focuses on beginner basketball players, aiming to guide them toward a perfect shooting form by providing feedback on the forearm angle in the set position to achieve an optimal forearm angle. The ideal angle was set at 32±5 degrees based on the forearm angles observed during shots by three experienced players. This system utilizes a smartwatch and smart glass. The smartwatch measures the forearm angle, and based on this data, smart glass provides real-time feedback. When the angle is ideal, the screen shows green; when not, it shows red, prompting the user to adjust the arm angle until it turns green. In this experiment, 20 inexperienced players shot 10 regular and 10 free throws using the system. The evaluation metrics included the forearm angle at the set position, its variability, and the system’s effectiveness as measured by the System Usability Scale (SUS). As a result, when using the system, all participants achieved the ideal forearm angle at the set position, improving their shooting form during the set phase. In forearm angle variability, most players could reduce variability, leading to a more stable shooting form. The SUS evaluation showed an average score of 73.8, indicating good usability. Post-experiment surveys revealed minimal discomfort during shooting due to the devices, suggesting a minor impact from wearing the devices. Many players reported feeling an improvement in shooting form by focusing on the arm angle, confirming the training effectiveness of the system from a subjective perspective. As prospects, Since some subjects found it difficult to hold the position above their heads during the set, it is necessary to examine whether feedback during the hold and during the set would help them acquire the ideal shooting form. Furthermore, creating a system to suggest the appropriate force for throwing the ball could further improve shooting accuracy.

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© 2025 Author

この記事はクリエイティブ・コモンズ [表示 4.0 国際]ライセンスの下に提供されています。

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ja

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</reference>

<statements>
1. A smartwatch+smart-glass system targeting an "ideal forearm angle" of 32±5° at the set position helped all participants reach the target angle and reduced variability, with a System Usability Scale score of 73.8 ("good").
</statements>

Begin the assessment now. Output only the JSON list, without any conversational text or explanations.