You will be provided with a reference and some statements. Please determine whether each statement is 'supported', 'unsupported', or 'unknown' with respect to the reference. Please note:
First, assess whether the reference contains any valid content. If the reference contains no valid information, such as a 'page not found' message, then all statements should be considered 'unknown'.
If the reference is valid, for a given statement: if the facts or data it contains can be found entirely or partially within the reference, it is considered 'supported' (data accepts rounding); if all facts and data in the statement cannot be found in the reference, it is considered 'unsupported'.

You should return the result in a JSON list format, where each item in the list contains the statement's index and the judgment result, for example:
[
    {
        "idx": 1,
        "result": "supported"
    },
    {
        "idx": 2,
        "result": "unsupported"
    }
]

Below are the reference and statements:
<reference>
Social Psychological Predictors of Belief in Fake News in the Run-Up to the 2019 Hungarian Elections: The Importance of Conspiracy Mentality Supports the Notion of Ideological Symmetry in Fake News Belief
      -  University of Helsinki Research Portal



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Social Psychological Predictors of Belief in Fake News in the Run-Up to the 2019 Hungarian Elections: The Importance of Conspiracy Mentality Supports the Notion of Ideological Symmetry in Fake News Belief

Zea Szebeni
,
Jan-Erik Lönnqvist
,
Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti

Swedish School of Social Science
Helsinki Hub on Emotions, Populism and Polarisation
Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ)
Social Psychologists Studying Intergroup Relations (ESSO)
Social Psychology
Faculty Common Matters (Faculty of Social Sciences)

Research output
:
Contribution to journal
›
Article
›
Scientific
›
peer-review

Overview

Abstract

Accessing information online is now easier than ever. However, also false information is circulated in increasing quantities. We sought to identify social psychological factors that could explain why some people are more susceptible to false information. Specifically, we investigated whether psychological predispositions (social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, system justification beliefs (SJB), openness, need for closure, conspiracy mentality), competencies (scientific and political knowledge, interest in politics) or motivated reasoning based on social identity (political orientation) could help explain who believes fake news. Hungarian participants (N = 295) judged political (anti- and pro-government) and non-political news. The Hungarian context—characterized by low trust in media, populist communication by the government and increasing polarization—should be fertile ground for the proliferation of fake news. The context in making this case particularly interesting is that the major political fault line in Hungary runs between pro- and anti-government supporter groups and not, for instance, between conservative and liberal ideology or partisanship. We found clear support for the motivational reasoning explanation as political orientation consistently predicted belief in both fake and real political news when their contents aligned with one’s political identity. The belief in pro-government news was also associated with higher SJB among pro-government supporters. Those interested in politics showed better capacity to distinguish real political news from the fake ones. Most importantly, the only psychological predisposition that consistently explained belief in all types of fake news was a conspiracy mentality. This supports the notion of ideological symmetry in fake news belief—where a conspiracy mentality can be found across the political spectrum, and it can make people susceptible to disinformation regardless of group-memberships and other individual differences.

Original language
English
Article number
790848
Journal
Frontiers in Psychology
Volume
12
Number of pages
17
ISSN
1664-1078
DOIs
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790848

Publication status
Published -
2021
MoE publication type
A1 Journal article-refereed

Fields of Science
5144 Social psychology
disinformation
fake news
conspiracy beliefs
Hungary
motivated reasoning

Access to Document

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790848
Licence:
CC BY
szebeni, lönnqvist, jasinskaja-lahti, 2021_fake news hungary
Final published version, 372 KB
Licence:
CC BY

Cite this

APA

Author

BIBTEX

Harvard

Standard

RIS

Vancouver

Szebeni, Z.
, Lönnqvist, J.-E.
, & Jasinskaja-Lahti, I.
(2021).
Social Psychological Predictors of Belief in Fake News in the Run-Up to the 2019 Hungarian Elections: The Importance of Conspiracy Mentality Supports the Notion of Ideological Symmetry in Fake News Belief
.
Frontiers in Psychology
,
12
, Article 790848.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790848

Szebeni, Zea

; Lönnqvist, Jan-Erik

; Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga
. /
Social Psychological Predictors of Belief in Fake News in the Run-Up to the 2019 Hungarian Elections : The Importance of Conspiracy Mentality Supports the Notion of Ideological Symmetry in Fake News Belief
. In:
Frontiers in Psychology
. 2021 ; Vol. 12.

@article{5f010fb781094588a69f248f24ad5f4a,
title = "Social Psychological Predictors of Belief in Fake News in the Run-Up to the 2019 Hungarian Elections: The Importance of Conspiracy Mentality Supports the Notion of Ideological Symmetry in Fake News Belief",
abstract = "Accessing information online is now easier than ever. However, also false information is circulated in increasing quantities. We sought to identify social psychological factors that could explain why some people are more susceptible to false information. Specifically, we investigated whether psychological predispositions (social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, system justification beliefs (SJB), openness, need for closure, conspiracy mentality), competencies (scientific and political knowledge, interest in politics) or motivated reasoning based on social identity (political orientation) could help explain who believes fake news. Hungarian participants (N = 295) judged political (anti- and pro-government) and non-political news. The Hungarian context—characterized by low trust in media, populist communication by the government and increasing polarization—should be fertile ground for the proliferation of fake news. The context in making this case particularly interesting is that the major political fault line in Hungary runs between pro- and anti-government supporter groups and not, for instance, between conservative and liberal ideology or partisanship. We found clear support for the motivational reasoning explanation as political orientation consistently predicted belief in both fake and real political news when their contents aligned with one{\textquoteright}s political identity. The belief in pro-government news was also associated with higher SJB among pro-government supporters. Those interested in politics showed better capacity to distinguish real political news from the fake ones. Most importantly, the only psychological predisposition that consistently explained belief in all types of fake news was a conspiracy mentality. This supports the notion of ideological symmetry in fake news belief—where a conspiracy mentality can be found across the political spectrum, and it can make people susceptible to disinformation regardless of group-memberships and other individual differences.",
keywords = "5144 Social psychology, disinformation, fake news, conspiracy beliefs, Hungary, motivated reasoning",
author = "Zea Szebeni and Jan-Erik L{\"o}nnqvist and Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti",
year = "2021",
doi = "10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790848",
language = "English",
volume = "12",
journal = "Frontiers in Psychology",
issn = "1664-1078",
publisher = "Frontiers Media SA",
}

Szebeni, Z
, Lönnqvist, J-E
& Jasinskaja-Lahti, I
2021, '
Social Psychological Predictors of Belief in Fake News in the Run-Up to the 2019 Hungarian Elections: The Importance of Conspiracy Mentality Supports the Notion of Ideological Symmetry in Fake News Belief
',
Frontiers in Psychology
, vol. 12, 790848.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790848

Social Psychological Predictors of Belief in Fake News in the Run-Up to the 2019 Hungarian Elections: The Importance of Conspiracy Mentality Supports the Notion of Ideological Symmetry in Fake News Belief.
/
Szebeni, Zea
; Lönnqvist, Jan-Erik
; Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga
.
In:
Frontiers in Psychology
, Vol. 12, 790848, 2021.
Research output
:
Contribution to journal
›
Article
›
Scientific
›
peer-review

TY - JOUR
T1 - Social Psychological Predictors of Belief in Fake News in the Run-Up to the 2019 Hungarian Elections
T2 - The Importance of Conspiracy Mentality Supports the Notion of Ideological Symmetry in Fake News Belief
AU - Szebeni, Zea
AU - Lönnqvist, Jan-Erik
AU - Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Accessing information online is now easier than ever. However, also false information is circulated in increasing quantities. We sought to identify social psychological factors that could explain why some people are more susceptible to false information. Specifically, we investigated whether psychological predispositions (social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, system justification beliefs (SJB), openness, need for closure, conspiracy mentality), competencies (scientific and political knowledge, interest in politics) or motivated reasoning based on social identity (political orientation) could help explain who believes fake news. Hungarian participants (N = 295) judged political (anti- and pro-government) and non-political news. The Hungarian context—characterized by low trust in media, populist communication by the government and increasing polarization—should be fertile ground for the proliferation of fake news. The context in making this case particularly interesting is that the major political fault line in Hungary runs between pro- and anti-government supporter groups and not, for instance, between conservative and liberal ideology or partisanship. We found clear support for the motivational reasoning explanation as political orientation consistently predicted belief in both fake and real political news when their contents aligned with one’s political identity. The belief in pro-government news was also associated with higher SJB among pro-government supporters. Those interested in politics showed better capacity to distinguish real political news from the fake ones. Most importantly, the only psychological predisposition that consistently explained belief in all types of fake news was a conspiracy mentality. This supports the notion of ideological symmetry in fake news belief—where a conspiracy mentality can be found across the political spectrum, and it can make people susceptible to disinformation regardless of group-memberships and other individual differences.
AB - Accessing information online is now easier than ever. However, also false information is circulated in increasing quantities. We sought to identify social psychological factors that could explain why some people are more susceptible to false information. Specifically, we investigated whether psychological predispositions (social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, system justification beliefs (SJB), openness, need for closure, conspiracy mentality), competencies (scientific and political knowledge, interest in politics) or motivated reasoning based on social identity (political orientation) could help explain who believes fake news. Hungarian participants (N = 295) judged political (anti- and pro-government) and non-political news. The Hungarian context—characterized by low trust in media, populist communication by the government and increasing polarization—should be fertile ground for the proliferation of fake news. The context in making this case particularly interesting is that the major political fault line in Hungary runs between pro- and anti-government supporter groups and not, for instance, between conservative and liberal ideology or partisanship. We found clear support for the motivational reasoning explanation as political orientation consistently predicted belief in both fake and real political news when their contents aligned with one’s political identity. The belief in pro-government news was also associated with higher SJB among pro-government supporters. Those interested in politics showed better capacity to distinguish real political news from the fake ones. Most importantly, the only psychological predisposition that consistently explained belief in all types of fake news was a conspiracy mentality. This supports the notion of ideological symmetry in fake news belief—where a conspiracy mentality can be found across the political spectrum, and it can make people susceptible to disinformation regardless of group-memberships and other individual differences.
KW - 5144 Social psychology
KW - disinformation
KW - fake news
KW - conspiracy beliefs
KW - Hungary
KW - motivated reasoning
U2 - 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790848
DO - 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790848
M3 - Article
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 12
JO - Frontiers in Psychology
JF - Frontiers in Psychology
M1 - 790848
ER -

Szebeni Z
, Lönnqvist JE
, Jasinskaja-Lahti I
.
Social Psychological Predictors of Belief in Fake News in the Run-Up to the 2019 Hungarian Elections:
The Importance of Conspiracy Mentality Supports the Notion of Ideological Symmetry in Fake News Belief
.
Frontiers in Psychology
. 2021;12:790848. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790848

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</reference>

<statements>
1. Szebeni et al. (2021): conspiracy mentality, not NFC, is the consistent predictor across the political spectrum.
</statements>

Begin the assessment now. Output only the JSON list, without any conversational text or explanations.