You will be provided with a reference and some statements. Please determine whether each statement is 'supported', 'unsupported', or 'unknown' with respect to the reference. Please note:
First, assess whether the reference contains any valid content. If the reference contains no valid information, such as a 'page not found' message, then all statements should be considered 'unknown'.
If the reference is valid, for a given statement: if the facts or data it contains can be found entirely or partially within the reference, it is considered 'supported' (data accepts rounding); if all facts and data in the statement cannot be found in the reference, it is considered 'unsupported'.

You should return the result in a JSON list format, where each item in the list contains the statement's index and the judgment result, for example:
[
    {
        "idx": 1,
        "result": "supported"
    },
    {
        "idx": 2,
        "result": "unsupported"
    }
]

Below are the reference and statements:
<reference>
Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring - American Economic Association

Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring by Maarten Goos, Alan Manning and Anna Salomons. Published in volume 104, issue 8, pages 2509-26 of American Economic Review, August 2014, Abstract: This paper documents the pervasiveness of job polarization in 16 Wester...

This website uses cookies.

By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to browse our site, you agree to first-party and session-only cookies being stored on your device to enhance site navigation and analyze site performance and traffic. For more information on our use of cookies, please see our
Privacy Policy
.

Accept

Menu

Journals

Annual Meeting

Careers

Resources

EconLit

Committees

Ethics/Ombuds

Membership

About AEA

Log In

Home
Journals
American Economic Review
August 2014
Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring

American Economic Review

ISSN 0002-8282 (Print)

|

ISSN 1944-7981 (Online)

About the
AER
Editors
Editorial Policy
Annual Report of the Editor
Editorial Process: Discussions with the Editors
Research Highlights
Contact Information
Articles and Issues
Current Issue
All Issues
Forthcoming Articles
Information for Authors and Reviewers
Submission Guidelines
Accepted Article Guidelines
Style Guide
Reviewer Guidelines

Menu

About the
AER
Editors
Editorial Policy
Annual Report of the Editor
Editorial Process: Discussions with the Editors
Research Highlights
Contact Information
Articles and Issues
Current Issue
All Issues
Forthcoming Articles
Information for Authors and Reviewers
Submission Guidelines
Accepted Article Guidelines
Style Guide
Reviewer Guidelines

Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring

Maarten Goos

Alan Manning

Anna Salomons

American Economic Review

vol. 104,
no. 8, August 2014

(pp. 2509–26)

Download Full Text PDF

Article Information

Abstract

This paper documents the pervasiveness of job polarization in 16 Western European countries over the period 1993-2010. It then develops and estimates a framework to explain job polarization using routine-biased technological change and offshoring. This model can explain much of both total job polarization and the split into within-industry and between-industry components.

Citation

Goos, Maarten, Alan Manning, and Anna Salomons.

2014.

"Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring."

American Economic Review

104 (8):
2509–26
.

DOI: 10.1257/aer.104.8.2509

Choose Format:

BibTeX

EndNote

Refer/BibIX

RIS

Tab-Delimited

Additional Materials

Supplemental Appendix

Replication Package

Author Disclosure Statement(s)

JEL Classification

J21

Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

J23

Labor Demand

J24

Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

M55

Personnel Economics: Labor Contracting Devices

O33

Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

Journals
American Economic Review
AER: Insights
Journal of Economic Literature
Journal of Economic Perspectives
AEJ: Applied Economics
AEJ: Economic Policy
AEJ: Macroeconomics
AEJ: Microeconomics
AEA Papers and Proceedings
Subscriptions
Copyright and Permissions
Policies
Data and Code
Journal Alerts
Research Highlights
Print on Demand

Journals

Annual Meeting

Careers

Resources

EconLit

Committees

Membership

About AEA

Log In

Contact the AEA

Terms of Use

Privacy Policy

Copyright 2026 American Economic Association. All rights reserved.

Follow us:
</reference>

<statements>
1. This routine-biased technological change (RBTC) hypothesis explains job polarization: the simultaneous growth of high-skill, high-wage and low-skill, low-wage occupations alongside the decline of middle-skill routine work
</statements>

Begin the assessment now. Output only the JSON list, without any conversational text or explanations.