You will be provided with a reference and some statements. Please determine whether each statement is 'supported', 'unsupported', or 'unknown' with respect to the reference. Please note:
First, assess whether the reference contains any valid content. If the reference contains no valid information, such as a 'page not found' message, then all statements should be considered 'unknown'.
If the reference is valid, for a given statement: if the facts or data it contains can be found entirely or partially within the reference, it is considered 'supported' (data accepts rounding); if all facts and data in the statement cannot be found in the reference, it is considered 'unsupported'.

You should return the result in a JSON list format, where each item in the list contains the statement's index and the judgment result, for example:
[
    {
        "idx": 1,
        "result": "supported"
    },
    {
        "idx": 2,
        "result": "unsupported"
    }
]

Below are the reference and statements:
<reference>
Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring

Downloadable! This paper documents the pervasiveness of job polarization in 16 Western European countries over the period 1993-2010. It then develops and estimates a framework to explain job polarization using routine-biased technological change and offshoring. This model can explain much of both total job polarization and the split into within-industry and between-industry components.

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Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i8p2509-26.html

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Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring

Author & abstract

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Author

Listed:

Maarten Goos

Alan Manning

Anna Salomons

Registered:

Alan Manning

Abstract
This paper documents the pervasiveness of job polarization in 16 Western European countries over the period 1993-2010. It then develops and estimates a framework to explain job polarization using routine-biased technological change and offshoring. This model can explain much of both total job polarization and the split into within-industry and between-industry components.

Suggested Citation

Maarten Goos & Alan Manning & Anna Salomons, 2014.
"
Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring
,"

American Economic Review
, American Economic Association, vol. 104(8), pages 2509-2526, August.

Handle:
RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:104:y:2014:i:8:p:2509-26

Note: DOI: 10.1257/aer.104.8.2509

as

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Download full text from publisher

File URL:

http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.104.8.2509
Download Restriction:
no

File URL:

http://www.aeaweb.org/aer/app/10408/20111536_app.pdf
Download Restriction:
no

File URL:

http://www.aeaweb.org/aer/data/10408/20111536_data.zip
Download Restriction:
no

File URL:

http://www.aeaweb.org/aer/ds/10408/20111536_ds.zip
Download Restriction:
Access to full text is restricted to AEA members and institutional subscribers.

--->
<---
Other versions of this item:

Goos, Maarten & Manning, Alan & Salomons, Anna, 2014.
"
Explaining job polarization: routine-biased technological change and offshoring
,"

LSE Research Online Documents on Economics

59698, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.

More about this item
JEL
classification:

J21
- Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

J23
- Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Demand

J24
- Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

M55
- Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Personnel Economics - - - Labor Contracting Devices

O33
- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

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</reference>

<statements>
1. This routine-biased technological change (RBTC) hypothesis explains job polarization: the simultaneous growth of high-skill, high-wage and low-skill, low-wage occupations alongside the decline of middle-skill routine work
</statements>

Begin the assessment now. Output only the JSON list, without any conversational text or explanations.