You will be provided with a reference and some statements. Please determine whether each statement is 'supported', 'unsupported', or 'unknown' with respect to the reference. Please note:
First, assess whether the reference contains any valid content. If the reference contains no valid information, such as a 'page not found' message, then all statements should be considered 'unknown'.
If the reference is valid, for a given statement: if the facts or data it contains can be found entirely or partially within the reference, it is considered 'supported' (data accepts rounding); if all facts and data in the statement cannot be found in the reference, it is considered 'unsupported'.

You should return the result in a JSON list format, where each item in the list contains the statement's index and the judgment result, for example:
[
    {
        "idx": 1,
        "result": "supported"
    },
    {
        "idx": 2,
        "result": "unsupported"
    }
]

Below are the reference and statements:
<reference>
New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018
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New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018

David Autor
, Caroline Chin
,
Anna Salomons
, Bryan Seegmiller

Research output
:
Contribution to journal
›
Article
›
Scientific
›
peer-review

12

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Citations
(Scopus)

Overview

Fingerprint

Abstract

We answer three core questions about the hypothesized role of newly emerging job categories ("new work") in counterbalancing the erosive effect of task-displacing automation on labor demand: what is the substantive content of new work, where does it come from, and what effect does it have on labor demand? We construct a novel database spanning eight decades of new job titles linked to U.S. Census microdata and to patent-based measures of occupations' exposure to labor-augmenting and labor-automating innovations. The majority of current employment is in new job specialties introduced since 1940, but the locus of new-work creation has shifted from middle-paid production and clerical occupations over 1940-1980 to high-paid professional occupations and secondarily to low-paid services since 1980. New work emerges in response to technological innovations that complement the outputs of occupations and demand shocks that raise occupational demand. Innovations that automate tasks or reduce occupational demand slow new-work emergence. Although the flow of augmentation and automation innovations is positively correlated across occupations, the former boosts occupational labor demand while the latter depresses it. The demand-eroding effects of automation innovations have intensified in the past four decades while the demand-increasing effects of augmentation innovations have not.

Original language
English
Pages (from-to)
1399-1465
Number of pages
67
Journal
Quarterly Journal of Economics
Volume
139
Issue number
3
DOIs
https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae008

Publication status
Published -
Aug 2024
Externally published
Yes

Access to Document

10.1093/qje/qjae008

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Labor Demand

Keyphrases

100%

New Frontiers

Keyphrases

100%

Manpower Needs

Social Sciences

100%

Occupational Demands

Keyphrases

66%

Demand Shocks

Keyphrases

33%

Technological Innovation

Keyphrases

33%

Three-core

Keyphrases

33%

Low Pay

Keyphrases

33%

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APA

Author

BIBTEX

Harvard

Standard

RIS

Vancouver

Autor, D., Chin, C.
, Salomons, A.
, & Seegmiller, B. (2024).
New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018
.
Quarterly Journal of Economics
,
139
(3), 1399-1465.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae008

Autor, David ; Chin, Caroline
; Salomons, Anna
et al. /
New Frontiers : The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018
. In:
Quarterly Journal of Economics
. 2024 ; Vol. 139, No. 3. pp. 1399-1465.

@article{bf8e2ba487544cbfab4e8e734bead859,
title = "New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018",
abstract = "We answer three core questions about the hypothesized role of newly emerging job categories ({"}new work{"}) in counterbalancing the erosive effect of task-displacing automation on labor demand: what is the substantive content of new work, where does it come from, and what effect does it have on labor demand? We construct a novel database spanning eight decades of new job titles linked to U.S. Census microdata and to patent-based measures of occupations' exposure to labor-augmenting and labor-automating innovations. The majority of current employment is in new job specialties introduced since 1940, but the locus of new-work creation has shifted from middle-paid production and clerical occupations over 1940-1980 to high-paid professional occupations and secondarily to low-paid services since 1980. New work emerges in response to technological innovations that complement the outputs of occupations and demand shocks that raise occupational demand. Innovations that automate tasks or reduce occupational demand slow new-work emergence. Although the flow of augmentation and automation innovations is positively correlated across occupations, the former boosts occupational labor demand while the latter depresses it. The demand-eroding effects of automation innovations have intensified in the past four decades while the demand-increasing effects of augmentation innovations have not.",
author = "David Autor and Caroline Chin and Anna Salomons and Bryan Seegmiller",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2024.",
year = "2024",
month = aug,
doi = "10.1093/qje/qjae008",
language = "English",
volume = "139",
pages = "1399--1465",
journal = "Quarterly Journal of Economics",
issn = "0033-5533",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "3",
}

Autor, D, Chin, C
, Salomons, A
& Seegmiller, B 2024, '
New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018
',
Quarterly Journal of Economics
, vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 1399-1465.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae008

New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018.
/ Autor, David; Chin, Caroline
; Salomons, Anna
et al.
In:
Quarterly Journal of Economics
, Vol. 139, No. 3, 08.2024, p. 1399-1465.
Research output
:
Contribution to journal
›
Article
›
Scientific
›
peer-review

TY - JOUR
T1 - New Frontiers
T2 - The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018
AU - Autor, David
AU - Chin, Caroline
AU - Salomons, Anna
AU - Seegmiller, Bryan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2024.
PY - 2024/8
Y1 - 2024/8
N2 - We answer three core questions about the hypothesized role of newly emerging job categories ("new work") in counterbalancing the erosive effect of task-displacing automation on labor demand: what is the substantive content of new work, where does it come from, and what effect does it have on labor demand? We construct a novel database spanning eight decades of new job titles linked to U.S. Census microdata and to patent-based measures of occupations' exposure to labor-augmenting and labor-automating innovations. The majority of current employment is in new job specialties introduced since 1940, but the locus of new-work creation has shifted from middle-paid production and clerical occupations over 1940-1980 to high-paid professional occupations and secondarily to low-paid services since 1980. New work emerges in response to technological innovations that complement the outputs of occupations and demand shocks that raise occupational demand. Innovations that automate tasks or reduce occupational demand slow new-work emergence. Although the flow of augmentation and automation innovations is positively correlated across occupations, the former boosts occupational labor demand while the latter depresses it. The demand-eroding effects of automation innovations have intensified in the past four decades while the demand-increasing effects of augmentation innovations have not.
AB - We answer three core questions about the hypothesized role of newly emerging job categories ("new work") in counterbalancing the erosive effect of task-displacing automation on labor demand: what is the substantive content of new work, where does it come from, and what effect does it have on labor demand? We construct a novel database spanning eight decades of new job titles linked to U.S. Census microdata and to patent-based measures of occupations' exposure to labor-augmenting and labor-automating innovations. The majority of current employment is in new job specialties introduced since 1940, but the locus of new-work creation has shifted from middle-paid production and clerical occupations over 1940-1980 to high-paid professional occupations and secondarily to low-paid services since 1980. New work emerges in response to technological innovations that complement the outputs of occupations and demand shocks that raise occupational demand. Innovations that automate tasks or reduce occupational demand slow new-work emergence. Although the flow of augmentation and automation innovations is positively correlated across occupations, the former boosts occupational labor demand while the latter depresses it. The demand-eroding effects of automation innovations have intensified in the past four decades while the demand-increasing effects of augmentation innovations have not.
U2 - 10.1093/qje/qjae008
DO - 10.1093/qje/qjae008
M3 - Article
SN - 0033-5533
VL - 139
SP - 1399
EP - 1465
JO - Quarterly Journal of Economics
JF - Quarterly Journal of Economics
IS - 3
ER -

Autor D, Chin C
, Salomons A
, Seegmiller B.
New Frontiers:
The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018
.
Quarterly Journal of Economics
. 2024 Aug;139(3):1399-1465. doi: 10.1093/qje/qjae008

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</reference>

<statements>
1. The aggregate labor market equilibrium is dictated by the historical race between task displacement and task reinstatement.
2. In an empirical and patent-based microdata analysis spanning eight decades of U.S. labor history, Autor, Chin, Salomons, and Seegmiller established that the majority of contemporary employment exists in specialized occupational titles introduced after 1940.
3. However, their findings reveal a structural bifurcation in the locus of task creation: while new work created between 1940 and 1980 was concentrated primarily in middle-wage manufacturing and administrative positions, post-1980 task creation has polarized toward high-wage professional occupations and, secondarily, low-wage personal services.
4. Furthermore, their causal identification reveals that while task-displacing automation innovations have intensified their demand-depressing effects over recent decades, the labor-reinstating pull of augmentation technologies has failed to accelerate proportionally, presenting a growing structural friction in labor market adjustment.
</statements>

Begin the assessment now. Output only the JSON list, without any conversational text or explanations.